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Table 4 Subgroup analyses for categorical moderators of prevalence estimates

From: A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability

Subgroups

k

Prevalence (95% CI)

Heterogeneity Analysis

Between-subgroups Differences

p

QE

df

p

Ï„2

I2

QM

df

p

Suicidal Ideation

Group

 Autistic

27

.3607 (.2824; .4390)

 < .001

693.67

26

 < .001

.038

96.3%

1.45

1

.228

 Possibly Autistic

10

.2872 (.1969; .3775)

 < .001

69.74

9

 < .001

.018

87.1%

   

Age Group

 Youth (< 20 years)

18

.3082 (.2159; .4006)

 < .001

386.94

17

 < .001

.035

95.6%

1.05

1

.307

 Adult (≥ 20 years)

19

.3738 (.2887; .4588)

 < .001

431.37

18

 < .001

.031

95.8%

   

Geographical Location

 Asia

8

.2207 (.1732; .2681)

 < .001

21.32

7

.003

.003

67.2%

12.79

3

.005 **

 Europe

16

.3639 (.2627; .4651)

 < .001

396.97

15

 < .001

.038

96.2%

   

 North America

10

.3209 (.2050; .4369)

 < .001

54.44

9

 < .001

.027

83.5%

   

 Oceania

3

.5485 (.2972; .7998)

 < .001

40.89

2

 < .001

.046

95.1%

   

Setting

 Clinical

11

.3523 (.2171; .4875)

    

.047

93.8%

1.62

2

.444

 Nonclinical

23

.3220 (.2484; .3956)

 < .001

673.11

22

 < .001

.029

96.7%

   

 Both

3

.4902 (.2382; .7422]

    

.039

79.8%

   

TGNC Sample

 Yes

4

.6378 (.4808; .7949)

 < .001

13.56

3

.004

.018

77.9%

14.81

1

 < .001 ***

 No

33

.3087 (.2500; .3673)

 < .001

561.28

32

 < .001

.025

94.3%

   

Suicidality Measure

 Suicidality

13

.3429 (.2368; .4491)

 < .001

197.64

12

 < .001

.034

97.0%

5.95

2

.051

 General

16

.2670 (.2011; .3330)

 < .001

69.12

15

 < .001

.014

78.3%

   

 Unstandardised

8

.4709 (.3123; .6295)

 < .001

234.63

7

 < .001

.046

93.9%

   

Type of Report

 Self

33

.3626 (.2945; .4306)

 < .001

740.70

32

 < .001

.034

71.8%

14.38

1

 < .001 ***

 Informant

4

.1950 (.1414; .2486)

 < .001

10.65

3

.014

.002

95.7%

   

Risk of bias

 Low risk

6

.3651 (.2874; .4427)

 < .001

16.26

5

.006

.006

69.2%

0.28

1

.594

 Any risk (unclear or high)

28

.3352 (.2576; .4129)

 < .001

817.93

27

 < .001

.040

96.7%

   

Suicide Plansª

Group

 Autistic

8

.2606 (.1421; .3791)

 < .001

254.18

7

 < .001

.027

97.2%

2.97

1

.085

 Possibly Autistic

4

.1386 (.0665; .2108)

 < .001

10.25

3

.017

.004

70.7%

   

Age Range

 Youth (< 20 years)

2

.0789 (.0390; .1188)

 < .001

0.23

1

.628

0

0.0%

10.87

1

.001 **

 Adult (≥ 20 years)

10

.2492 (.1561; .3422)

 < .001

251.74

9

 < .001

.020

96.4%

   

Geographical Locationb

 Europe

5

.2646 (.1490; .3802)

 < .001

77.14

4

 < .001

.016

94.8%

0.15

1

.701

 North America

5

.2238 (.0511; .3966)

.011

59.96

4

 < .001

.036

93.3%

   

Suicidality Measure

 Suicidality

8

.2850 (.1807; .3893)

 < .001

248.31

7

 < .001

.020

97.2%

13.12

2

.001 **

 General

2

.0789 (.0390; .1188)

 < .001

0.23

1

.628

0

0.0%

   

 Unstandardised

2

.1117 (.0544; .1690)

 < .001

0.06

1

.814

0

0.0%

   

Risk of bias

 Low risk

4

.2762 (.1727; .3796)

 < .001

10.60

3

 < .001

.008

71.7%

1.28

1

.258

 Any risk (unclear or high)

8

.1890 (.0788; .2992)

 < .001

209.08

7

 < .001

.024

96.7%

   

Suicide Attempts and Behaviours

Group

 Autistic

26

.2227 (.1689; .2765)

 < .001

816.84

26

 < .001

.017

96.8%

1.31

1

.253

 Possibly Autistic

4

.3497 (.1386; .5608)

.001

32.12

3

 < .001

.043

90.7%

   

Age Group

 Youth (< 20 years)

9

.1916 (.0891; .2941)

 < .001

227.86

8

 < .001

.028

96.5%

1.41

1

.235

 Adult (≥ 20 years)

22

.2643 (.2019; .3267)

 < .001

663.16

21

 < .001

.019

96.8%

   

Geographical Location

 Asia

5

.1700 (.0923; .2478)

 < .001

14.40

4

.006

.005

72.2%

6.91

3

.075

 Europe

16

.2907 (.2156; .3658)

 < .001

604.82

16

 < .001

.021

97.4%

   

 North America

7

.1632 (.0862; .2401)

 < .001

80.27

6

 < .001

.009

92.5%

   

 Oceania

2

.2581 (− .2249; .7410)

.295

149.95

1

 < .001

.121

99.3%

   

Setting

 Clinical

11

.1880 (.1154; .2606)

 < .001

119.06

10

 < .001

.012

91.6%

2.13

1

.144

 Nonclinical

20

.2680 (.1987; .3374)

 < .001

755.19

19

 < .001

.023

97.5%

   

TGNC Sample

 Yes

2

.2966 (− .1174; .7106)

.160

38.5

1

 < .001

.087

97.4%

0.09

1

.768

 No

28

.2372 (.1846; .2898)

 < .001

789.80

28

 < .001

.018

96.5%

   

Suicidality Measure

 Suicidality

16

.2439 (.1897; .2980)

 < .001

541.89

15

 < .001

.010

96.1%

0.07

2

.963

 General

6

.2340 (.0344; .4336)

.022

102.18

5

 < .001

.058

95.1%

   

 Unstandardised

9

.2601 (.1418; .3784)

 < .001

207.08

8

 < .001

.029

97.2%

   

Type of Report

 Self

27

.2506 (.1911; .3101)

 < .001

668.54

26

 < .001

.022

96.1%

0.71

1

.399

 Other

4

.1923 (.0706; .3140)

.002

221.36

3

 < .001

.014

98.6%

   

Risk of bias

 Low risk

6

.1876 (.1011; .2740)

 < .001

302.95

5

 < .001

.010

98.3%

1.45

1

.228

 Any risk (unclear or high)

23

.2538 (.1894; .3182)

 < .001

585.11

22

 < .001

.022

96.2%

   
  1. TGNC Transgender or gender non-conforming
  2. ªInsufficient estimates for ‘TGNC’ and ‘Type of Report’ subgroups
  3. bInsufficient estimates for Asia (k = 1) Oceania (k = 1) and too different to combine
  4. k = No of estimates; CI = Confidence Interval; QE = Test of Residual Heterogeneity; QM = Test of moderators
  5. p = significant at * < .05, ** < .01, *** < .001
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Molecular Autism

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